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1.
Int. j. cardiovasc. sci. (Impr.) ; 32(4): 331-342, July-Aug. 2019. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1012349

ABSTRACT

Cardiorespiratory (aerobic) fitness is strongly and directly related to major health outcomes, including all-cause mortality. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), directly measured by maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), represents the subject's aerobic fitness. However, as CPET is not always available, aerobic fitness estimation tools are necessary. Objectives: a) to propose the CLINIMEX Aerobic Fitness Questionnaire (C-AFQ); b) to validate C-AFQ against measured VO2max; and c) to analyze the influence of some potentially relevant variables on the error of estimate. Methods: We prospectively studied 1,000 healthy and unhealthy subjects (68.6% men) aged from 14 to 96 years that underwent a CPET. The two-step C-AFQ describes physical activities with corresponding values in metabolic equivalents (METs) - ranging from 0.9 to 21 METs. Results: Application of C-AFQ took less than two minutes. Linear regression analysis indicated a very strong association between estimated (C-AFQ) and measured (CPET) maximal METs - r2 = 0.83 (Sy.x = 1.63; p < .001) - with median difference of only 0.2 METs between both values and interquartile range (percentiles 25 and 75) of 2 METs. The difference between estimated and measured METs was not influenced by age, sex, body mass index, clinical condition, ß-blocker use or sitting-rising test scores. Conclusion: C-AFQ is a simple and valid tool for estimating aerobic fitness when CPET is unavailable and it is also useful in planning individual ramp protocols. However, individual error of estimate is quite high, so C-AFQ should not be considered a perfect substitute for CPET's measured VO2max


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Breathing Exercises , Exercise , Validation Studies as Topic , Physical Fitness , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Analysis of Variance , Exercise Test/methods , Exercise Therapy , Hypertension
2.
Int. j. cardiovasc. sci. (Impr.) ; 31(4)jul.-ago. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-910196

ABSTRACT

O consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 max) e o limiar anaeróbico (LA) obtidos no teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) são utilizados na avaliação de atletas. Todavia, dificuldades na identificação e mensuração dessas variáveis dificultam sua utilização prática. O ponto ótimo cardiorrespiratório (POC) é uma variável submáxima do TCPE de mensuração objetiva e com significado clínico prognóstico. Contudo, é desconhecido o seu comportamento em atletas.Descrever o comportamento do POC em jogadores profissionais de futebol e sua associação com VO2 max e LA. Análise retrospectiva de 198 futebolistas submetidos a TCPE máximo em esteira rolante com protocolo em rampa, divididos pela posição em campo: goleiro, zagueiro, lateral, meio-campo e atacante. Foram determinados VO2max, LA e POC. O POC correspondeu ao menor valor de ventilação/consumo de oxigênio em um dado minuto do TCPE. Variáveis contínuas foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student não emparelhado ou ANOVA, ou teste de Mann-Whitney ou de Kruskal-Wallis dependendo na distribuição das mesmas, e variáveis categóricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para testar a associação entre POC e outras variáveis ventilatórias. Adotou-se um nível de 5% para significância estatística. O POC (média ± desvio-padrão) foi de 18,2 ± 2,1 a uma velocidade 4,3 ± 1,4 km.h-1 menor do que a do LA. Enquanto o VO2 max (62,1 ± 6,2 mL.kg-1.min-1) tendeu a ser menor nos goleiros (p < 0,05), o POC não variou conforme a posição em campo (p = 0,41). Não houve associação significativa entre POC e VO2max (r = 0,032,p = 0,65) nem com LA (r = -0,003, p = 0,96).O POC pode ser facilmente determinado em exercício submáximo realizado com velocidades incrementais em futebolistas e não varia pela posição em campo. A ausência de associação com VO2max e LA indica que o POC traz uma informação distinta e complementar a essas variáveis. Estudos futuros são necessários para determinar implicações práticas do POC na avaliação de atletas


Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ventilatory threshold (VT) obtained during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) are used in the evaluation of athletes. However, the identification of these variables may sometimes be unreliable, which limits their use. In contrast, the cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) is a submaximal variable derived from CPX with objective measurement and prognostic significance. However, its behavior in athletes is unknown. To describe the behavior of COP in professional soccer players and its association with VO2max and VT. VO2max, VT and COP were obtained retrospectively from 198 soccer players undergoing maximal treadmill CPX using ramp protocol. COP was defined as the lowest value of the ventilation/oxygen consumption ratio in a given minute of the CPX. The soccer players were stratified according to their field position: goalkeeper, center-defender, left/right-back, midfielder and forwarder. Continuous variables were compared using unpaired Student t test or ANOVA, or Mann-Whitney test or Kruskal-Wallis test depending on their distribution, and categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. Pearson correlation was used to test the association between COP and other ventilatory variables. A level of 5% was used for statistical significance. COP (mean ± SD) was 18.2 ± 2.1 and was achieved at a speed 4.3 ± 1.4 km.h-1 lower than that achieved at the VT. While VO2max (62.1 ± 6.2 mL.kg-1.min-1) tended to be lower in goalkeepers (p < 0.05), the COP did not vary according to field position (p = 0.41). No significant association was observed between COP and VO2max (r = 0.032, p = 0.65) or between COP and VT (r = -0.003, p = 0.96). COP can be easily determined during submaximal exercise performed with incremental speed in soccer players and does not vary according to the athlete's field position. The absence of association with VO2max and VT indicates that COP provides distinct and complementary information to these variables. Future studies are needed to determine the practical implications of COP in assessing athletes


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Athletic Performance , Cardiorespiratory Fitness/physiology , Exercise , Respiratory Function Tests/methods , Soccer/trends , Analysis of Variance , Athletes , Electrocardiography/methods , Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology , Retrospective Studies , Spirometry/methods , Sports Medicine , Data Interpretation, Statistical
3.
Int. j. cardiovasc. sci. (Impr.) ; 31(4): 323-332, jul.-ago. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-954122

ABSTRACT

O consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) e o limiar anaeróbico (LA) obtidos no teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) são utilizados na avaliação de atletas. Todavia, dificuldades na identificação e mensuração dessas variáveis dificultam sua utilização prática. O ponto ótimo cardiorrespiratório (POC) é uma variável submáxima do TCPE de mensuração objetiva e com significado clínico prognóstico. Contudo, é desconhecido o seu comportamento em atletas. Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento do POC em jogadores profissionais de futebol e sua associação com VO2max e LA. Materiais e Método: Análise retrospectiva de 198 futebolistas submetidos a TCPE máximo em esteira rolante com protocolo em rampa, divididos pela posição em campo: goleiro, zagueiro, lateral, meio-campo e atacante. Foram determinados VO2max, LA e POC. O POC correspondeu ao menor valor de ventilação/consumo de oxigênio em um dado minuto do TCPE. Variáveis contínuas foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student não emparelhado ou ANOVA, ou teste de Mann-Whitney ou de Kruskal-Wallis dependendo na distribuição das mesmas, e variáveis categóricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para testar a associação entre POC e outras variáveis ventilatórias. Adotou-se um nível de 5% para significância estatística. Resultados: O POC (média ± desvio-padrão) foi de 18,2 ± 2,1 a uma velocidade 4,3 ± 1,4 km.h-1 menor do que a do LA. Enquanto o VO2max (62,1 ± 6,2 mL.kg-1.min-1) tendeu a ser menor nos goleiros (p < 0,05), o POC não variou conforme a posição em campo (p = 0,41). Não houve associação significativa entre POC e VO2max (r = 0,032, p = 0,65) nem com LA (r = -0,003, p = 0,96). Conclusão: O POC pode ser facilmente determinado em exercício submáximo realizado com velocidades incrementais em futebolistas e não varia pela posição em campo. A ausência de associação com VO2max e LA indica que o POC traz uma informação distinta e complementar a essas variáveis. Estudos futuros são necessários para determinar implicações práticas do POC na avaliação de atletas


Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ventilatory threshold (VT) obtained during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) are used in the evaluation of athletes. However, the identification of these variables may sometimes be unreliable, which limits their use. In contrast, the cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) is a submaximal variable derived from CPX with objective measurement and prognostic significance. However, its behavior in athletes is unknown. Objective: To describe the behavior of COP in professional soccer players and its association with VO2max and VT. Methods: VO2max, VT and COP were obtained retrospectively from 198 soccer players undergoing maximal treadmill CPX using ramp protocol. COP was defined as the lowest value of the ventilation/oxygen consumption ratio in a given minute of the CPX. The soccer players were stratified according to their field position: goalkeeper, center-defender, left/right-back, midfielder and forwarder. Continuous variables were compared using unpaired Student t test or ANOVA, or Mann-Whitney test or Kruskal-Wallis test depending on their distribution, and categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. Pearson correlation was used to test the association between COP and other ventilatory variables. A level of 5% was used for statistical significance. Results: COP (mean ± SD) was 18.2 ± 2.1 and was achieved at a speed 4.3 ± 1.4 km.h-1 lower than that achieved at the VT. While VO2max (62.1 ± 6.2 mL.kg-1.min-1) tended to be lower in goalkeepers (p < 0.05), the COP did not vary according to field position (p = 0.41). No significant association was observed between COP and VO2max (r = 0.032, p = 0.65) or between COP and VT (r = -0.003, p = 0.96). Conclusion: COP can be easily determined during submaximal exercise performed with incremental speed in soccer players and does not vary according to the athlete's field position. The absence of association with VO2max and VT indicates that COP provides distinct and complementary information to these variables. Future studies are needed to determine the practical implications of COP in assessing athletes


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Respiratory Function Tests/methods , Soccer/trends , Exercise , Athletic Performance , Cardiorespiratory Fitness/physiology , Spirometry/methods , Sports Medicine , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Retrospective Studies , Analysis of Variance , Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology , Electrocardiography/methods , Athletes
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